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Overview
The questions we ask in our annual survey help us improve the Stack Overflow community and the platform that serves them.
The challenge and opportunity for us is to continue expanding and improving our ability to help all developers and to make them feel welcome in our community.
Read on for more great insights about the attitudes, tools, and environments that are shaping the art and practice of software today.
Developer Profile
Learning to code
Learning to code online increased from 60% to 70% year over year.
Respondents older than 45 years are most likely to have learned from books, while younger ones are learning online. Younger (under 18) respondents rely most on online resources and are most likely to have learned from online courses or certifications.
Technology
Most popular technologies
Last year we saw Git as a fundamental tool to being a developer. This year it appears that Docker is becoming a similar fundamental tool for Professional Developers, increasing from 55% to 69%.
People learning to code are more likely to be using 3D tools than Professional Developers - Unity 3D (23% vs 8%) and Unreal Engine (9% vs 3%) - teaching themselves skills for 3D VR and AR.
Technology
Most loved, dreaded, and wanted
Rust is on its seventh year as the most loved language with 87% of developers saying they want to continue using it.
Rust also ties with Python as the most wanted technology with TypeScript running a close second.
Programming, scripting, and markup languages →
Technology
Most loved, dreaded, and wanted
Phoenix overtakes Svelte’s spot as the most loved web framework.
Angular.js is in its third year as the most dreaded. React.js completes its fifth year as most wanted.
Web frameworks and technologies →
Stack Overflow SurveyTechnology Most loved, dreaded, and wanted
Docker and Kubernetes are in first and second place as the most loved and wanted tools.
The desire to start using Docker does not appear to be slowing down as Docker increased from 30% last to 37% this year for wanted.
Technology
Top paying technologies
Clojure remains the highest-paid language to know. Chef developers are the highest paid but Chef is also the most dreaded other tool.
Big-data and data streaming skills are well compensated with Apache Spark, Apache Kafka, and Hadoop all in the top three other frameworks and libraries.
Additionally, developers that have colocation experience are paid more than their cloud-only counterparts.
Full-time employment went up by 4 percentage points for all respondents. Professional Developers that are “Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed” have grown significantly in the last year (up by 5 percentage points).
In 2022 this question was changed to multi-select.
85% of developers say their organizations are at least partially remote.
Smaller organizations are most likely to be in-person, with 20% of 2-19 employee organizations in-person.
The largest organizations, with 10k+ employees, are most likely to be hybrid.
Professional Developers
Productivity impacts
62% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day searching for answers or solutions to problems.
25% spending more than an hour each day. Regardless of being an independent contributor or people manager, this is time that could be spent learning or building.
For a team of 50 developers, the amount of time spent searching for answers/solutions adds up to between 333-651 hours of time lost per week across the entire team.
Daily time spent searching for answers/solutions →
What we know about the global community of developers
Developer Profile
Education
Most developers (87%) have a post-secondary education, having some college or more.
38% of those learning to code already have a degree, learning doesn’t have to stop after you graduate.
70% of all respondents and 80% of Professional Developers have completed some form of higher education, a bachelor’s degree being the most common.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| Primary/elementary school | 2.46% |
| Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) | 10.79% |
| Some college/university study without earning a degree | 12.73% |
| Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) | 3.05% |
| Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) | 41.32% |
| Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) | 21.14% |
| Professional degree (JD, MD, etc.) | 1.53% |
| Other doctoral degree (Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.) | 2.96% |
| Something else | 1.7% |
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
Developer Profile
Learning to code
We see that learning how to code is a very unique experience, with people using a variety of tools and resources to build their skills.
Learning how to code
Learning to code online increased from 60% to 70% year over year.
Respondents older than 45 years are most likely to have learned from books, while younger ones are learning online. Younger (under 18) respondents rely most on online resources and are most likely to have learned from online courses or certifications.
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 70.91% |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 62.18% |
| Books / Physical media | 54.48% |
| Online Courses or Certification | 46.63% |
| On the job training | 39.85% |
| Colleague | 18.42% |
| Friend or family member | 13.95% |
| Coding Bootcamp | 10.8% |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 7.36% |
How did you learn to code? Select all that apply.
Online resources to learn how to code
The most relied upon online resources for people to learn how to code are technical documentation and Stack Overflow. This shows how important it is for companies to have well-written documentation available and an active community providing answers on Stack Overflow.
It’s also interesting that we see such variety in the way that people teach themselves how to code. Written material, a variety of video formats, books, courses - there’s no one size fits all approach to learning how to code. Everyone can piece together the resources and formats that work best for their learning style.
| Technical documentation | 88.13% |
| Stack Overflow | 86.14% |
| Blogs | 75.35% |
| How-to videos | 59.92% |
| Written Tutorials | 58.08% |
| Video-based Online Courses | 51.42% |
| Online books | 43.87% |
| Online forum | 40.34% |
| Written-based Online Courses | 34.38% |
| Coding sessions (live or recorded) | 28.86% |
| Interactive tutorial | 26.21% |
| Online challenges (e.g., daily or weekly coding challenges) | 25.1% |
| Certification videos | 14.88% |
| Programming Games | 13.32% |
| Auditory material (e.g., podcasts) | 7.21% |
What online resources do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.
Online course platforms to learn how to code
Udemy leads as the most popular online course or certification program for learning how to code. This may be popular for the same reasons we saw above - people can purchase the individual courses they want, creating their own learning path.
| Udemy | 66.49% |
| Coursera | 34.91% |
| Codecademy | 26.24% |
| Pluralsight | 22.44% |
| Other | 22.21% |
| edX | 15.62% |
| Udacity | 13.59% |
| Skillsoft | 1.88% |
What online courses or certifications do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.
Developer Profile
Experience
The majority of developers in their early to mid-career stage.
Years coding
Similar to last year 50% of respondents have been coding for ten years or less.
The United States and United Kingdom respondents are the most experienced respondents, with an average of 15 and a half years of experience coding.
All Respondents Average by Top 10 Countries
| Less than 1 year | 1.98% |
| 1 to 4 years | 18.95% |
| 5 to 9 years | 29.28% |
| 10 to 14 years | 18.88% |
| 15 to 19 years | 10.04% |
| 20 to 24 years | 8.01% |
| 25 to 29 years | 4.47% |
| 30 to 34 years | 3.28% |
| 35 to 39 years | 2.39% |
| 40 to 44 years | 1.9% |
| 45 to 49 years | 0.48% |
| More than 50 years | 0.34% |
Including any education, how many years have you been coding in total?
A majority of respondents (75%) have been working for 14 or fewer years as a professional developer, meaning they’ve never worked in a world without Stack Overflow.
| Less than 1 year | 3.8% |
| 1 to 4 years | 28.43% |
| 5 to 9 years | 27.45% |
| 10 to 14 years | 16.16% |
| 15 to 19 years | 8.94% |
| 20 to 24 years | 7.24% |
| 25 to 29 years | 3.59% |
| 30 to 34 years | 2.21% |
| 35 to 39 years | 1.2% |
| 40 to 44 years | 0.66% |
| 45 to 49 years | 0.21% |
| More than 50 years | 0.11% |
NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?
Years of professional coding experience by developer type
Years of professional coding experience by developer type
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | 17.04 |
| Engineering manager | 14.5 |
| Product manager | 14.42 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | 13.75 |
| Designer | 13.71 |
| Project manager | 13.66 |
| Database administrator | 13.62 |
| Security professional | 13.53 |
| Marketing or sales professional | 13.34 |
| Educator | 13.12 |
| System administrator | 13.02 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | 12.86 |
| Data or business analyst | 12.77 |
| Scientist | 12.05 |
| Engineer, site reliability | 11.94 |
| Developer, game or graphics | 11.9 |
| DevOps specialist | 11.65 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | 11.58 |
| Developer, QA or test | 11.19 |
| Engineer, data | 11.17 |
| Academic researcher | 10.89 |
| Developer, back-end | 10.69 |
| Developer, mobile | 10.51 |
| Developer, full-stack | 10.23 |
| Developer, front-end | 9.95 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | 9.7 |
| Blockchain | 9.63 |
| Student | 4.86 |
NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?
Developer Profile
Developer roles
Few developers consider themselves to be a single developer type, showing us their skill diversity.
Developer type
Full-stack, back-end, front-end, and desktop developers continue to account for the majority of all respondents. We asked about Cloud infrastructure engineer for the first time this year - almost 9% classify themselves as this type of developer.
Developers are wearing multiple hats. The majority of respondents said they considered themselves to be more than one type of developer - with DBAs, SREs, and Security professionals reporting the most variety. On average each of these roles reported being seven other developer types.
All Respondents Count of Roles
| Developer, full-stack | 46.82% |
| Developer, back-end | 43.38% |
| Developer, front-end | 25.96% |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | 15.57% |
| Developer, mobile | 12.45% |
| DevOps specialist | 10.06% |
| Student | 9.13% |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | 8.62% |
| Database administrator | 8.05% |
| System administrator | 8.01% |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | 6.4% |
| Project manager | 6.36% |
| Designer | 6.14% |
| Engineer, data | 5.87% |
| Engineering manager | 5.83% |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | 5.59% |
| Data or business analyst | 5.22% |
| Developer, QA or test | 5.05% |
| Academic researcher | 4.42% |
| Product manager | 4.1% |
| Educator | 3.41% |
| Engineer, site reliability | 3.18% |
| Security professional | 3.15% |
| Developer, game or graphics | 3% |
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | 2.94% |
| Scientist | 2.87% |
| Blockchain | 2.12% |
| Marketing or sales professional | 0.84% |
Which of the following describes your current job? Please select all that apply.
Developer Profile
Key territories
Across the world, developers and technologists turn to Stack Overflow to gain and share knowledge. Our survey received responses from almost every country on Earth.
Geography
The United States and India continue to provide the highest volume of survey responses, followed by Germany and UKI (UK and Ireland).
The top ten countries account for almost 60% of all respondents. This year we saw Spain just barely overtake Italy for the number ten spot. To see the top ten countries, refer to the methodology section.
Top 10 Countries All Countries
| United States of America | 18.88% |
| India | 9.26% |
| Germany | 7.52% |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 5.84% |
| Canada | 3.47% |
| France | 3.25% |
| Brazil | 2.94% |
| Poland | 2.41% |
| Netherlands | 2.17% |
| Spain | 2.12% |
Where do you live? *
Developer Profile
Demographics
Developers and technologists are a diverse group of individuals across many spectrums. We are committed to continuing to ensure our platform is inclusive and welcoming to all.
Age
46% of Professional Developers are 25-34 years old. But we see that more than half of the respondents learning to code are 18-24 years old.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| Under 18 years old | 5.45% |
| 18-24 years old | 23.46% |
| 25-34 years old | 39.62% |
| 35-44 years old | 19.72% |
| 45-54 years old | 7.44% |
| 55-64 years old | 2.79% |
| 65 years or older | 0.78% |
| Prefer not to say | 0.73% |
What is your age?
Gender
Those learning to code are slightly less likely to identify as a man and slightly more likely to prefer to not identify. Both of these are indications that the industry (and our survey) could continue to become more diverse as more people join the workforce.
92% of all respondents and 93% of Professional Developers identify as a man. The United States has the highest percentage of gender minorities (Woman, Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming). We have considerable work to do to ensure our platform is inclusive and that our survey is representative of developers everywhere.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Gender Minorities by Country
| Man | 91.88% |
| Woman | 5.17% |
| Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming | 1.67% |
| Prefer not to say | 1.65% |
| Or, in your own words: | 0.74% |
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
Transgender
1.5% of all respondents identify as transgender. Like we see with gender identification, those learning to code are slightly more likely to prefer to not say if they identify as transgender.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| No | 95.84% |
| Prefer not to say | 1.96% |
| Yes | 1.51% |
| Or, in your own words: | 0.68% |
Sexual orientation
Those learning to code are less likely to identify as straight/heterosexual than Professional Developers, with 10% preferring not to say.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| Straight / Heterosexual | 84.09% |
| Prefer not to say | 6.53% |
| Bisexual | 5.45% |
| Gay or Lesbian | 2.67% |
| Prefer to self-describe: | 2.15% |
| Queer | 1.7% |
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
Those learning to code are less likely to identify as European and/or White than Professional Developers. Like we saw with other demographic questions, the new group of developers who may enter the workforce soon, could be more diverse.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| White | 39.38% |
| European | 37.25% |
| Indian | 9.7% |
| Asian | 9.48% |
| Hispanic or Latino/a | 5.71% |
| Middle Eastern | 4.1% |
| South American | 3.78% |
| North American | 3.36% |
| African | 3.3% |
| South Asian | 2.59% |
| Prefer not to say | 2.49% |
| Southeast Asian | 2.33% |
| Or, in your own words: | 2.19% |
| Multiracial | 1.76% |
| East Asian | 1.75% |
| Black | 1.48% |
| Biracial | 1.15% |
| I don’t know | 1.01% |
| North African | 0.88% |
| Caribbean | 0.66% |
| Central American | 0.6% |
| Central Asian | 0.57% |
| Ethnoreligious group | 0.5% |
| Indigenous (such as Native American or Indigenous Australian) | 0.47% |
| Pacific Islander | 0.21% |
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
Disability status
2,547 respondents have a physical difference, with the majority of these respondents being blind or having difficulty seeing.
| I am blind / have difficulty seeing | 1.7% |
| Or, in your own words: | 0.97% |
| I am deaf / hard of hearing | 0.85% |
| I am unable to / find it difficult to walk or stand without assistance | 0.44% |
| I am unable to / find it difficult to type | 0.35% |
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
Neurodiversity
Response to this question increased from 20% last year to 22% this year.
This year we see more developers identifying as having a concentration and/or memory disorder (10.6%), anxiety disorder (10.3%), mood or emotional disorder (9.7%).
| I have a concentration and/or memory disorder (e.g., ADHD, etc.) | 10.57% |
| I have an anxiety disorder | 10.31% |
| I have a mood or emotional disorder (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, etc.) | 9.71% |
| I have autism / an autism spectrum disorder (e.g. Asperger’s, etc.) | 4.27% |
| I have learning differences (e.g., Dyslexic, Dyslexia, etc.) | 2.77% |
| Or, in your own words: | 1.23% |
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
Technology
Each year we explore the tools and technologies developers are currently using and what they want to use.
We have the favorite Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted data as well as Worked With vs. Want to Work With, which shows us precisely what developers used in the past year and what they want to work on in the following year. If you need a refresher on how we structure Loved, Dread and Wanted, or if you want to read about the intuition behind Worked With vs. Want to Work With, check out this post our meta post.
- Most popular technologies →
- Most loved, dreaded, and wanted →
- Worked with vs. want to work with →
- Top paying technologies →
- Version Control →
- Web3 →
Technology
Most popular technologies
This year, we’re comparing the popular technologies across three different groups: All respondents, Professional Developers, and those that are learning to code.
Programming, scripting, and markup languages
2022 marks JavaScript’s tenth year in a row as the most commonly used programming language.
But, it’s a different picture for those learning to code. HTML/CSS, Javascript and Python are almost tied as the most popular languages for people learning to code. People learning to code are more likely than Professional Developers to report using Python (58% vs 44%), C++ (35% vs 20%), and C (32% vs 17%).
Compared to Professional Developers, those learning to code are less likely to report using SQL (38% vs 53%), TypeScript (15% vs 40%), and Bash/Shell (19% vs 29%).
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| JavaScript | 65.36% |
| HTML/CSS | 55.08% |
| SQL | 49.43% |
| Python | 48.07% |
| TypeScript | 34.83% |
| Java | 33.27% |
| Bash/Shell | 29.07% |
| C# | 27.98% |
| C++ | 22.55% |
| PHP | 20.87% |
| C | 19.27% |
| PowerShell | 12.07% |
| Go | 11.15% |
| Rust | 9.32% |
| Kotlin | 9.16% |
| Dart | 6.54% |
| Ruby | 6.05% |
| Assembly | 5.47% |
| Swift | 4.91% |
| R | 4.66% |
| VBA | 4.48% |
| MATLAB | 4.1% |
| Lua | 4.03% |
| Groovy | 3.32% |
| Delphi | 3.25% |
| Scala | 2.59% |
| Objective-C | 2.39% |
| Perl | 2.31% |
| Haskell | 2.22% |
| Elixir | 2.15% |
| Julia | 1.53% |
| Clojure | 1.51% |
| Solidity | 1.45% |
| LISP | 1.31% |
| F# | 1.03% |
| Fortran | 0.91% |
| Erlang | 0.9% |
| APL | 0.71% |
| COBOL | 0.65% |
| SAS | 0.61% |
| OCaml | 0.59% |
| Crystal | 0.48% |
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Databases
For Professional Developers PostgreSQL just barely took over the first place spot from MySQL. Professional Developers are more likely than those learning to code to use Redis, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and Elasticsearch.
MongoDB is used by a similar percentage of both Professional Developers and those learning to code and it’s the second most popular database for those learning to code (behind MySQL). This makes sense since it supports a large number of languages and application development platforms.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| MySQL | 46.85% |
| PostgreSQL | 43.59% |
| SQLite | 32.01% |
| MongoDB | 28.3% |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 26.87% |
| Redis | 22.13% |
| MariaDB | 17.93% |
| Elasticsearch | 12.21% |
| Oracle | 11.49% |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 8.72% |
| DynamoDB | 8.26% |
| Cloud Firestore | 7.45% |
| Cassandra | 2.66% |
| Neo4j | 2.12% |
| IBM DB2 | 2% |
| Couchbase | 1.33% |
| CouchDB | 1.29% |
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Cloud platforms
AWS remains the most used cloud platform for all respondents and for Professional Developers. Azure took the second-place spot from Google Cloud.
People learning to code have much different usage of cloud platforms. Heroku is the most used platform for those learning to code (35%), significantly higher than Professional Developers (18%). We see similar differences with Google Cloud (31% learning to code; 26% Professional Developers), Firebase (30% learning to code; 21% Professional Developers), VMware (12% learning to code; 8% Professional Developers).
You can see the inroads that AWS and Azure have with organizations - significantly more Professional Developers are using those platforms compared to people who are learning to code.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| AWS | 51.01% |
| Microsoft Azure | 28.72% |
| Google Cloud | 26.81% |
| Firebase | 21.14% |
| Heroku | 19.98% |
| DigitalOcean | 15.64% |
| VMware | 8.71% |
| Managed Hosting | 5.76% |
| Linode | 3.92% |
| OVH | 3.76% |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure | 2.18% |
| OpenStack | 2.02% |
| IBM Cloud or Watson | 1.68% |
| Colocation | 1.26% |
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Web frameworks and technologies
Node.js and React.js are the two most common web technologies used by Professional Developers and those learning to code. Angular is used more by Professional Developers than those learning to code (23% vs 10%), same with ASP.NET (16% vs 10%) and ASP.NET Core (21% vs 10%).
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| Node.js | 47.12% |
| React.js | 42.62% |
| jQuery | 28.57% |
| Express | 22.99% |
| Angular | 20.39% |
| Vue.js | 18.82% |
| ASP.NET Core | 18.59% |
| ASP.NET | 14.9% |
| Django | 14.65% |
| Flask | 14.64% |
| Next.js | 13.52% |
| Laravel | 9.45% |
| Angular.js | 8.99% |
| FastAPI | 6.02% |
| Ruby on Rails | 5.83% |
| Svelte | 4.58% |
| Blazor | 4.46% |
| Nuxt.js | 3.83% |
| Symfony | 3.58% |
| Gatsby | 3.46% |
| Drupal | 2.22% |
| Phoenix | 2.13% |
| Fastify | 1.85% |
| Deno | 1.69% |
| Play Framework | 0.82% |
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Other frameworks and libraries
This year we added additional responses to see the most popular libraries in different domains. For example, TensorFlow remains more popular than PyTorch for machine learning but Scikit-learn is close behind TensorFlow. Flutter and React Native are the two most popular cross-platform tools.
People learning to code are more likely than Professional Developer to be using NumPy (43% vs 24%), Pandas (35% vs 22%) - this makes sense given that they are both Python based and people learning to code are using Python. They are also more likely to be using TensorFlow (18% vs 11%) and Scikit-learn (17% vs 11%).
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| .NET | 34.55% |
| NumPy | 28.65% |
| Pandas | 25.08% |
| Spring | 16.13% |
| TensorFlow | 12.95% |
| Flutter | 12.64% |
| Scikit-learn | 12.59% |
| React Native | 12.57% |
| Apache Kafka | 10.35% |
| Electron | 9.57% |
| Torch/PyTorch | 8.61% |
| Qt | 8.51% |
| Keras | 7.27% |
| Ionic | 5.27% |
| Xamarin | 5.21% |
| Apache Spark | 5.01% |
| Cordova | 4.15% |
| Hadoop | 3.45% |
| GTK | 3.01% |
| Capacitor | 2.49% |
| Tidyverse | 2.17% |
| Hugging Face Transformers | 2.02% |
| Uno Platform | 0.73% |
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Other tools
Last year we saw Git as a fundamental tool to being a developer. This year it appears that Docker is becoming a similar fundamental tool for Professional Developers, increasing from 55% to 69%.
People learning to code are more likely to be using 3D tools than Professional Developers - Unity 3D (23% vs 8%) and Unreal Engine (9% vs 3%) - teaching themselves skills for 3D VR and AR.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| npm | 65.17% |
| Docker | 63.72% |
| Yarn | 27.64% |
| Homebrew | 26.27% |
| Kubernetes | 22.99% |
| Terraform | 11.22% |
| Unity 3D | 10.64% |
| Ansible | 9.49% |
| Unreal Engine | 3.97% |
| Puppet | 1.87% |
| Chef | 1.51% |
| Pulumi | 0.84% |
| Flow | 0.81% |
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Integrated development environment
Visual Studio Code remains the preferred IDE across all developers. PyCharm is used more by people learning to code (26% vs 16%) while Vim is used more by Professional Developers (24% vs 16%).
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| Visual Studio Code | 74.48% |
| Visual Studio | 32.15% |
| IntelliJ | 27.97% |
| Notepad++ | 27.71% |
| Vim | 23.34% |
| Android Studio | 19.8% |
| PyCharm | 17.24% |
| Sublime Text | 16.59% |
| Eclipse | 12.57% |
| IPython/Jupyter | 11.61% |
| Xcode | 10.53% |
| Atom | 9.35% |
| Nano | 9.26% |
| Webstorm | 7.94% |
| PhpStorm | 6.79% |
| Neovim | 6.75% |
| NetBeans | 5.24% |
| CLion | 5.02% |
| Rider | 4.94% |
| Emacs | 4.51% |
| RStudio | 3.39% |
| GoLand | 3.33% |
| RAD Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) | 2.69% |
| Qt Creator | 2.68% |
| Spyder | 2.32% |
| RubyMine | 1.38% |
| TextMate | 0.73% |
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
Asynchronous tools
We see definite differences between Professional Developers and people learning to code when it comes to asynchronous work tools. Jira is most used by Professional Developers (49%) but only used by 15% of those learning to code. It’s a similar story with Confluence, the second most used tool by Professional Developers (43%) but only used by 8% of those learning to code. For people starting their career, few of them will have experience with these tools, potentially increasing their time to ramp up on how to use them.
On the flip side, people who are learning to code are using Notion (36% vs 19%) and Trello (43% vs 32%) as their asynchronous work tools.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| Jira Work Management | 49.47% |
| Confluence | 39.8% |
| Trello | 33.32% |
| Notion | 19.82% |
| Asana | 7.91% |
| ClickUp | 5.52% |
| Microsoft Planner | 4.66% |
| Stack Overflow for Teams | 3.68% |
| monday.com | 3.35% |
| Airtable | 2.94% |
| Microsoft Lists | 1.99% |
| Smartsheet | 1.33% |
| Wrike | 0.85% |
| Adobe Workfront | 0.75% |
| DingTalk (Teambition) | 0.46% |
| Swit | 0.27% |
| Workzone | 0.23% |
| Planview Projectplace or Clarizen | 0.17% |
| Cerri | 0.12% |
| Wimi | 0.12% |
| Leankor | 0.12% |
Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Synchronous tools
The three most popular synchronous tools are universal across all respondents, Professional Developers, and people learning to code - Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Slack.
For Professional Developers, the percentage of people using each of these tools is close - between 54%-58% of respondents. However, for people learning to code, Zoom is used significantly more (67%) than Microsoft Teams (48%) and Slack (30%).
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| Zoom | 56.08% |
| Microsoft Teams | 56% |
| Slack | 53.43% |
| Google Chat | 20.2% |
| Cisco Webex Teams | 9.68% |
| Mattermost | 4.04% |
| Rocketchat | 2.23% |
| RingCentral | 0.87% |
| Symphony | 0.56% |
| Wire | 0.44% |
| Wickr | 0.29% |
| Unify Circuit | 0.19% |
| Coolfire Core | 0.14% |
Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Operating system
Windows is the most popular operating system for developers, across both personal and professional use. A Linux-based OS is more popular than macOS - speaking to the appeal of using open source software.
| Windows | |
| Personal use | 62.33% |
| Professional use | 48.82% |
| Linux-based | |
| Personal use | 40.23% |
| Professional use | 39.89% |
| macOS | |
| Personal use | 31.07% |
| Professional use | 32.97% |
| Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) | |
| Personal use | 15% |
| Professional use | 14.34% |
| BSD | |
| Personal use | 1.47% |
| Professional use | 1.03% |
What is the primary operating system in which you work? *
Technology
Most loved, dreaded, and wanted
Always one of the most popular series, we have some technologies/tools that are maintaining their position as most loved (Rust), and some that have unseated leaders (PostgreSQL).
Programming, scripting, and markup languages
Rust is on its seventh year as the most loved language with 87% of developers saying they want to continue using it.
Rust also ties with Python as the most wanted technology with TypeScript running a close second.
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
PostgreSQL becomes the most loved and wanted database after five years of Redis being the most loved.
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
AWS remains not only the most used cloud platform but also the most loved and wanted.
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Web frameworks and technologies
Phoenix overtakes Svelte’s spot as the most loved web framework.
Angular.js is in its third year as the most dreaded. React.js completes its fifth year as most wanted.
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Other frameworks and libraries
Hugging Face Transformers surfaces as the most loved library while Tensorflow remains the most wanted.
This suggests that developers want to build machine learning models but enjoy using pre-trained models more. The popular cross-platform libraries, Flutter and React Native also remain in the top three most wanted.
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Docker and Kubernetes are in first and second place as the most loved and wanted tools.
The desire to start using Docker does not appear to be slowing down as Docker increased from 30% last to 37% this year for wanted.
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Integrated development environment
Neovim is the most loved editor for the second year in a row, with Visual Studio Code the next most loved.
However, Visual Studio Code is the most wanted tool, followed by Android Studio.
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
Notion is the most loved asynchronous collaboration tool and the third most wanted tool.
Jira and Confluence - the two most used tools by Professional Developers, are almost evenly split between being loved and dreaded. But Jira is the most wanted tool, followed by Trello, Notion, and Stack Overflow for Teams.
Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Slack is the most loved synchronous collaboration tool and the most wanted tool. Zoom, one of the most used tools by Professional Developers, is almost evenly split between being loved and being dreaded.
Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Technology
Worked with vs. want to work with
Developers are naturally curious and interested in new technologies. We look at what technologies they are interested in trying based on what they are using now.
Programming, scripting, and markup languages
Similar to last year we see over 10k Javascript developers that want to start or continue developing in Go or Rust.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Those learning to code that currently use MySQL are more likely to want to start or continue to use MongoDB over any other database.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Similar to 2021, we see a large number of AWS developers wanting to develop in Google Cloud or Microsoft Azure next year.
Professional developers are curious about the other cloud platforms that they haven’t worked with before. Each platform offers something slightly different for developers, whether it’s features (e.g., advanced data analytics tools), scalability, pricing options, etc. that can make it appealing to build on.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Web frameworks and technologies
React.js developers are very interconnected with other frameworks and technologies, most notably Node.js.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
Minimum 4,000 respondents per connection.
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Other frameworks and libraries
NumPy and Pandas are the most interconnected other frameworks/libraries for all respondents, Professional Developers, and those learning to code.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Similar to 2021, we see a lot of people working with npm and Docker who also want to work with those same technologies.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Integrated development environment
VS Code is the most interconnected IDE among all respondents, Professional Developers, and those learning to code.
People who are learning to code have more IDEs they want to work with - IPython/Jupyter, Eclipse, Atom - than Professional Developers.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
Jira and Confluence are most closely interconnected, which makes sense given they are under the same company.
We see interest in working with other asynchronous tools, likely because each of these tools serves a different purpose in a developer’s workflow.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
With Professional Developers, we see some interest in wanting to use other chat and video platforms than they are using now.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.
Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Technology
Top paying technologies
Top paying technologies
Clojure remains the highest-paid language to know. Chef developers are the highest paid but Chef is also the most dreaded other tool.
Big-data and data streaming skills are well compensated with Apache Spark, Apache Kafka, and Hadoop all in the top three other frameworks and libraries.
Additionally, developers that have colocation experience are paid more than their cloud-only counterparts.
Programming, Scripting, and Markup Languages Databases Platforms Web Frameworks Other Frameworks and Libraries Other Tools Integrated development environment
| Clojure | $106,644 |
| Erlang | $103,000 |
| F# | $95,526 |
| LISP | $95,000 |
| Ruby | $93,000 |
| Elixir | $92,959 |
| Scala | $92,780 |
| Perl | $90,073 |
| Go | $89,204 |
| Rust | $87,047 |
| OCaml | $86,948 |
| Groovy | $85,320 |
| Crystal | $84,690 |
| Objective-C | $83,165 |
| Bash/Shell | $81,666 |
| Haskell | $80,250 |
| Fortran | $80,000 |
| Lua | $79,568 |
| Swift | $78,468 |
| PowerShell | $78,084 |
| Julia | $77,966 |
| APL | $75,932 |
| COBOL | $75,592 |
| Assembly | $75,000 |
| Python | $71,105 |
| Solidity | $70,368 |
| TypeScript | $70,276 |
| C# | $69,516 |
| Kotlin | $69,318 |
| SQL | $69,108 |
| C++ | $68,000 |
| R | $67,734 |
| C | $67,186 |
| JavaScript | $65,580 |
| Java | $64,572 |
| SAS | $64,243 |
| Delphi | $63,984 |
| HTML/CSS | $63,984 |
| VBA | $62,328 |
| MATLAB | $57,588 |
| PHP | $50,496 |
| Dart | $43,724 |
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Change in salaries between 2021 and 2022
On average, median salaries increased about 23% between 2021 and 2022. With Flow, COBOL, Couchbase, and IBM Cloud/Watson seeing the largest salary increases year over year.
Programming, Scripting, and Markup Languages Databases Platforms Web Frameworks Other Frameworks and Libraries Other Tools Integrated development environment
| COBOL | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $52,340 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $75,592 |
| Erlang | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $80,077 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $103,000 |
| Assembly | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $55,211 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $75,000 |
| Swift | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $58,910 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $78,468 |
| LISP | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $75,669 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $95,000 |
| Objective-C | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $64,859 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $83,165 |
| Delphi | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $46,704 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $63,984 |
| Scala | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $77,832 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $92,780 |
| F# | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $81,037 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $95,526 |
| Kotlin | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $55,071 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $69,318 |
| C | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $53,184 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $67,186 |
| C++ | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $54,049 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $68,000 |
| Go | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $75,669 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $89,204 |
| Haskell | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $67,021 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $80,250 |
| Ruby | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $80,000 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $93,000 |
| Elixir | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $80,077 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $92,959 |
| SQL | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $56,228 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $69,108 |
| Julia | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $65,228 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $77,966 |
| Java | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $51,888 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $64,572 |
| Crystal | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $72,400 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $84,690 |
| Python | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $59,454 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $71,105 |
| Clojure | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $95,000 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $106,644 |
| PHP | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $38,916 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $50,496 |
| JavaScript | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $54,049 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $65,580 |
| C# | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $58,368 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $69,516 |
| TypeScript | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $59,172 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $70,276 |
| HTML/CSS | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $52,980 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $63,984 |
| Dart | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $32,986 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $43,724 |
| Bash/Shell | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $71,340 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $81,666 |
| Groovy | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $75,002 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $85,320 |
| Perl | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $80,000 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $90,073 |
| Rust | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $77,530 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $87,047 |
| PowerShell | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $68,824 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $78,084 |
| VBA | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $53,825 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $62,328 |
| R | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $59,454 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $67,734 |
| APL | |
| 2021 Median yearly salary (USD) | $75,631 |
| 2022 Median yearly salary (USD) | $75,932 |
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Technology
Version Control
A new section for 2022, we ask about use of version control systems - both professionally and personally - as well as how people prefer to interact with it.
Version control systems
No other technology is as widely used as Git. Especially among Professional Developers. But for those learning to code, 17% still do not use a version control system.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| Git | 93.87% |
| SVN | 5.18% |
| I don’t use one | 4.31% |
| Mercurial | 1.13% |
What are the primary version control systems you use? Select all that apply.
Interacting with version control systems
The command line is the primary way developers interact with their version control system
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| Command-line | 83.57% |
| Code editor | 54.49% |
| Version control hosting service web GUI | 28.44% |
| Dedicated version control GUI application | 26.37% |
How do you interact with your version control system? Select all that apply.
Version control platforms
GitHub is the most popular Version Control for both personal and professional use. GitLab, Bitbucket, and Azure Repos are more likely used for professional purposes instead of personal.
| GitHub | |
| Personal use | 87.02% |
| Professional use | 55.93% |
| GitLab | |
| Personal use | 20.51% |
| Professional use | 28.9% |
| Bitbucket | |
| Personal use | 10.48% |
| Professional use | 18.42% |
| Azure Repos | |
| Personal use | 4.25% |
| Professional use | 9.94% |
| Custom built solution | |
| Personal use | 2.44% |
| Professional use | 3.96% |
| AWS CodeCommit | |
| Personal use | 1.29% |
| Professional use | 2.7% |
| Cloud Source Repositories | |
| Personal use | 0.47% |
| Professional use | 0.67% |
Technology
Web3
Blockchain
Developers are torn on blockchain, crypto, and decentralization. 32% are at least favorable, 31% are unfavorable and 26% are indifferent.
While those learning to code are more favorable than Professional Developers, more of them are also unsure.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| Very favorable | 10.99% |
| Favorable | 20.58% |
| Indifferent | 25.79% |
| Unfavorable | 14.84% |
| Very unfavorable | 16.36% |
| Unsure | 11.44% |
How favorable are you about blockchain, crypto, and decentralization?
Work
Work
Employment
Employment status
Full-time employment went up by 4 percentage points for all respondents. Professional Developers that are “Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed” have grown significantly in the last year (up by 5 percentage points).
In 2022 this question was changed to multi-select.
All Respondents Professional Developers
| Employed, full-time | 68.61% |
| Student, full-time | 15.24% |
| Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed | 14.95% |
| Employed, part-time | 5.79% |
| Student, part-time | 5.19% |
| Not employed, but looking for work | 4.71% |
| Not employed, and not looking for work | 1.73% |
| I prefer not to say | 0.85% |
| Retired | 0.55% |
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
Employment status by geography
Full-time employment has gone down in the top 5 countries while Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed has gone up.
United States India Germany United Kingdom Canada
| Employed, full-time | 69.07% |
| Student, full-time | 10.3% |
| Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed | 8.96% |
| Not employed, but looking for work | 2.99% |
| Employed, part-time | 2.73% |
| Student, part-time | 2.43% |
| Not employed, and not looking for work | 1.66% |
| Retired | 1.03% |
| I prefer not to say | 0.82% |
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
Work environment
85% of developers say their organizations are at least partially remote.
Smaller organizations are most likely to be in-person, with 20% of 2-19 employee organizations in-person.
The largest organizations, with 10k+ employees, are most likely to be hybrid.
All Respondents By Organization Size
| Fully remote | 42.98% |
| Hybrid (some remote, some in-person) | 42.44% |
| Full in-person | 14.58% |
Work
Company info
Company size
53% of respondents work for an organization that has more than 100 employees.
| Just me - I am a freelancer, sole proprietor, etc. | 5.32% |
| 2 to 9 employees | 9.8% |
| 10 to 19 employees | 8.67% |
| 20 to 99 employees | 20.8% |
| 100 to 499 employees | 18.33% |
| 500 to 999 employees | 7.02% |
| 1,000 to 4,999 employees | 10.91% |
| 5,000 to 9,999 employees | 4.13% |
| 10,000 or more employees | 13.15% |
| I don’t know | 1.87% |
Approximately how many people are employed by the company or organization you currently work for?
Work
Salary
Salary by developer type
Senior roles like executives and engineering managers tend to have the highest salaries.
But in the United States, Germany, United Kingdom, and Canada we see that Blockchain developers have comparable salaries even though they have the lowest average years of experience.
All Respondents United States India Germany United Kingdom Canada
Median yearly salary in USD
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | $117,126 |
| Engineering manager | $111,976 |
| Engineer, site reliability | $95,979 |
| Security professional | $91,416 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | $89,580 |
| Blockchain | $79,983 |
| Engineer, data | $79,983 |
| DevOps specialist | $79,236 |
| Marketing or sales professional | $78,180 |
| Product manager | $76,783 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | $74,651 |
| Scientist | $72,075 |
| Data or business analyst | $69,102 |
| Developer, back-end | $68,355 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | $68,254 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | $67,128 |
| Database administrator | $66,600 |
| Project manager | $66,540 |
| Developer, full-stack | $66,372 |
| Developer, QA or test | $66,372 |
| System administrator | $65,000 |
| Developer, game or graphics | $63,986 |
| Designer | $62,820 |
| Educator | $62,467 |
| Developer, front-end | $60,000 |
| Developer, mobile | $56,220.5 |
| Academic researcher | $55,455 |
| Student | $21,768 |
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Salary and experience by developer type
Years of experience and a higher salary go hand in hand. The three highest-paid roles have, on average, more than 11 years of experience.
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Salary and experience by language
PHP developers continue to be disproportionately underpaid compared to other languages with the same experience.
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Work
Purchasing technology
Influence on technology purchases
66% of Professional Developers have at least some influence over their organization’s purchases of new technologies. This is up from 56% in 2020 when we last asked this question.
Unsurprisingly, senior-level positions have the greatest amount of influence when purchasing new technologies. But with the exception of students, at least 60% of all developer types have at least some influence on purchasing.
All Respondents By Developer Type
| I have little or no influence | 34.03% |
| I have some influence | 43.15% |
| I have a great deal of influence | 22.82% |
What level of influence do you, personally, have over new technology purchases at your organization?
Researching new tools and technologies
Starting a free trial is the most common way to evaluate new tools. But this is down from 77% in 2020. The other two most common ways of researching new tools are asking a colleague/friend and visiting developer communities like Stack Overflow.
For Desktop or Enterprise application developers, they are equally likely to ask a colleague/friend and visit developer communities when they are researching tools.
All Respondents By Developer Type
| Start a free trial | 71.88% |
| Ask developers I know/work with | 67.08% |
| Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow | 62.92% |
| Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd | 29.77% |
| Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit | 13.44% |
| Research companies that have emailed me | 5.4% |
When buying a new tool or software, how do you discover and research available solutions? Select all that apply.
Work
Coding outside of work
Coding outside of work
88% of Professional Developers code outside of work, with 73% of them coding as a hobby.
| Hobby | 72.87% |
| Contribute to open-source projects | 26.11% |
| Freelance/contract work | 22.59% |
| School or academic work | 14.54% |
| Bootstrapping a business | 14.26% |
| I don’t code outside of work | 12.41% |
Which of the following best describes the code you write outside of work? Select all that apply.
Community
Community is at the center of all that we do. Here we take a look at how people use Stack Overflow and how connected they feel to the community.
Community
Stack Overflow site use
Visiting sites across Stack Overflow and Stack Exchange
Less than 1% of respondents have never visited Stack Overflow or the Stack Exchange Network.
More people learning to code have visited Collectives on Stack Overflow, suggesting it’s a good resource for people who are getting up to speed on a new-to-them technology.
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code
| Stack Overflow | 97.92% |
| Stack Exchange | 68.96% |
| Collectives on Stack Overflow | 9.5% |
| Stack Overflow for Teams (private knowledge sharing & collaboration platform for companies) | 5.85% |
| I have never visited Stack Overflow or the Stack Exchange network | 0.65% |
Which of the following Stack Overflow sites have you visited? Select all that apply.
Frequency of visiting Stack Overflow
81% of respondents visit Stack Overflow weekly and 53% of them visit daily.
| Multiple times per day | 22.5% |
| Daily or almost daily | 30.6% |
| A few times per week | 27.86% |
| A few times per month or weekly | 15.76% |
| Less than once per month or monthly | 3.28% |
Have an account on Stack Overflow
8 out of 10 respondents have a Stack Overflow account.
| Yes | 81.76% |
| No | 12.51% |
| Not sure/can’t remember | 5.73% |
Frequency of participation on Stack Overflow
Of those with a Stack Overflow account, 46% are participating on the site less than once per month or monthly.
| Multiple times per day | 1.74% |
| Daily or almost daily | 3.23% |
| A few times per week | 7.61% |
| A few times per month or weekly | 18.13% |
| Less than once per month or monthly | 46.1% |
| I have never participated in Q&A on Stack Overflow | 23.18% |
How frequently would you say you participate in Q&A on Stack Overflow? By participate we mean ask, answer, vote for, or comment on questions.
Feel like a part of the Stack Overflow community
42% of respondents consider themselves “somewhat” or “definitely” a member of the Stack Overflow community. Of these respondents, we see that gender minorities are less likely to consider themselves a member of the Stack Overflow community.
All Respondents By Gender By Age
| Yes, definitely | 14.54% |
| Yes, somewhat | 27.55% |
| Neutral | 20.91% |
| No, not really | 26.23% |
| No, not at all | 9.04% |
| Not sure | 1.74% |
Do you consider yourself a member of the Stack Overflow community?
Professional Developers
We asked Professional Developers to tell us about what impacts their productivity at work, how often it happens, and how much time that takes out of their day. We also asked them about the developer experience at work - do they have the processes, tools, and programs to make it easier to do their jobs.
Professional Developers
Productivity impacts
Participation in Professional Developer series
72% of all respondents were eligible to participate in our Professional Developer section. Of those eligible, 70% agreed to participate, resulting in over 36,000 responses.
| Yes | 50.77% |
| Not Eligible | 28.11% |
| No | 21.11% |
Independent contributor or people manager
The vast majority of respondents are independent (or individual) contributors.
| Independent contributor | 84.31% |
| People manager | 15.69% |
Years of professional work experience
56% of respondents are in their first 10 years of professional work experience.
While it is possible for developers to become people managers in the first 4 years, we see that it is much more likely after the 5 year mark.
All Respondents Independent Contributor People Manager
| 1 to 4 years | 29.05% |
| 5 to 9 years | 27.75% |
| 10 to 14 years | 16.99% |
| 15 to 19 years | 9.74% |
| 20 to 24 years | 7.22% |
| 25 to 29 years | 3.86% |
| 30 to 34 years | 2.2% |
| 35 to 39 years | 1.18% |
| 40 to 44 years | 0.73% |
| 45 to 49 years | 0.2% |
| 50 years or more | 0.18% |
Ability to find knowledge and information within their organization
Nearly half of all respondents report that knowledge silos prevent them from getting ideas from across the organization and that waiting for answers to questions often causes interruptions and disrupts their workflow - with little difference between ICs and People Managers.
57% of People Managers report that they find themselves answering questions that they’ve answered before.
About a quarter of all respondents say they can’t find up-to-date information within their organization to help them do their job and they aren’t able to quickly find answers to their questions with existing tools and resources.
All Respondents Independent Contributor People Manager
Please rate your level of agreement with the following statement:
Frequency of productivity frictions
68% of respondents say they encounter a knowledge silo at least once a week.
For People Managers, 73% report encountering a knowledge silo at least once a week.
All Respondents Independent Contributor People Manager
How frequently do you experience each of the following?
Daily time spent searching for answers/solutions
62% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day searching for answers or solutions to problems.
25% spending more than an hour each day. Regardless of being an independent contributor or people manager, this is time that could be spent learning or building.
For a team of 50 developers, the amount of time spent searching for answers/solutions adds up to between 333-651 hours of time lost per week across the entire team.
All Respondents Independent Contributor People Manager
| Less than 15 minutes a day | 9.75% |
| 15-30 minutes a day | 27.96% |
| 30-60 minutes a day | 37.71% |
| 60-120 minutes a day | 17.6% |
| Over 120 minutes a day | 6.98% |
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend searching for answers or solutions to problems you encounter at work? (This includes time spent searching on your own, asking a colleague, and waiting for a response).
Daily time spent answering questions
46% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day answering questions.
32% of people managers spend over an hour each day just answering questions, while only 14% of independent contributors spend over an hour answering questions.
For a team of 50 developers, the amount of time spent answering questions adds up to between 278-568 hours of time lost per week across the entire team.
All Respondents Independent Contributor People Manager
| Less than 15 minutes a day | 20.88% |
| 15-30 minutes a day | 32.95% |
| 30-60 minutes a day | 29.75% |
| 60-120 minutes a day | 12.18% |
| Over 120 minutes a day | 4.23% |
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend answering questions you get asked at work?
Perception of the time to onboard
Over 48% of respondents regardless of function, think onboarding takes a very long time or a somewhat long time at their organization.
All Respondents Independent Contributor People Manager
| Very short | 3.94% |
| Somewhat short | 12.43% |
| Just right | 35.11% |
| Somewhat long | 36.33% |
| Very long | 12.2% |
The time it takes to onboard new hires at my company is:
Supporting onboarding, available learning resources, and time to learn new skills
While independent contributors are not directly managing others, 62% of them are involved in supporting new hires.
78% of respondents say their employer gives them time to learn and 64% use learning resources provided by their employer.
All Respondents Independent Contributor People Manager
Last few questions…
Professional Developers
Developer Experience
Developer Experience: Processes, tools, and programs within an organization
Most Professional Developers report having CI/CD, DevOps, and Automated Testing available at their organization.
Only 38% report having a developer portal to make it easy to find tools and services.
Only 16% of organizations have Innersource initiatives.
| Continuous integration (CI) and (more often) continuous delivery | 69.79% |
| DevOps function | 59.35% |
| Automated testing | 58.09% |
| Microservices | 48.97% |
| Developer portal or other central places to find tools/services | 38.18% |
| Observability tools | 37.07% |
| Innersource initiative | 16.31% |
| None of these | 13.63% |
My company has:
Methodology
How we planned and analyzed our survey
Methodology
General
This report is based on a survey of 73,268 software developers from 180 countries around the world. This is the number of responses we consider “qualified” for analytical purposes based on time spent on the full, completed survey; another approximately 53 responses were submitted but not included in the analysis because respondents spent less than three minutes on the survey.
The survey was fielded from May 11, 2022 to June 1, 2022.
The median time spent on the survey for qualified responses was 15.08 minutes. An increase we expected this year because of additional questions asked.
Respondents were recruited primarily through channels owned by Stack Overflow. The top sources of respondents were onsite messaging, blog posts, email lists, banner ads, and social media posts. Since respondents were recruited in this way, highly engaged users on Stack Overflow were more likely to notice the prompts to take the survey over the duration of the collection promotion.
As an incentive, respondents who finished the survey could opt in to a “Census” badge if they completed the survey.
Due to United States transport/export sanctions, our survey was, unfortunately, inaccessible to prospective respondents in Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and Syria, due to the traffic being blocked by our third-party survey software. While some respondents used VPNs to get around the block, the limitation should be kept in mind when interpreting survey results.
Many questions were only shown to respondents based on their previous answers. For example, questions about jobs and work were only shown to those who said they were working in a job.
We asked respondents about their salaries. First, we asked what currency each respondent typically used. Then we asked the respondents what their salary was in that currency and whether that salary was weekly, monthly, or yearly.
The salary question, like most on the survey, was optional. There were 38,071 respondents who gave us salary data.
We converted salaries from user currencies to USD using the exchange rate on May 24, 2022 and also converted to annual salaries assuming 12 working months and 50 working weeks.
The top approximately 2% of salaries inside and outside of the US were trimmed and replaced with threshold values. The threshold values for inside and outside the US were different.
To identify which technologies to include in the survey this year, we looked at both the most popular and fastest-growing tags on Stack Overflow (in terms of questions posted). We compared these to the technologies we included last year and looked at how many people chose each option. We synthesized all this together to curate a collection of technologies to include.
The questions were organized into several blocks of questions, which were randomized in order. Also, the answers to most questions were randomized in order.
Free form text responses are primarily used to influence future survey choices but are not included in the published results.
Methodology
Feedback
How do you feel about the length of the survey this year?
The majority of respondents felt like this year’s survey was an appropriate length.
| Appropriate in length | 76.49% |
| Too long | 20.57% |
| Too short | 2.94% |
How do you feel about the length of the survey this year?
How easy or difficult was this survey to complete?
Less than one percent of respondents felt like this year’s survey was difficult.
| Easy | 67.92% |
| Neither easy nor difficult | 30.67% |
| Difficult | 1.41% |
Methodology
Participants
Who participated in this survey
Similar to previous years the overwhelming majority of respondents are a developer by profession.
| I am a developer by profession | 73.03% |
| I am learning to code | 8.61% |
| I am not primarily a developer, but I write code sometimes as part of my work | 7.91% |
| I code primarily as a hobby | 6.64% |
| None of these | 2.04% |
| I used to be a developer by profession, but no longer am | 1.77% |